On the origin of the name “Khamkhi.”
From the scientific publication by N. D. Kodzoev, “The Toponym ‘Khamkhi’ and the Sacred Tree.”
Legends about the founding of Khamkhi explain its name as the proper name of the founder of the settlement itself, but this is not true. According to Ingush traditions, when forming toponyms for settlements, a component indicating the type of settlement is added to the name, for example, it can be the words “pkhya” (Golashpkhye), ‘khala’ (Egi-Khala), “koa” (Zovra-Koa) or “yurt” (Toi-Yurt), etc. If such a component is not added to the name, i.e., the name of the settlement consists of one word (Targim, Khamkhi, Kart, etc.), then such a name does not come from a person's proper name. In this case, the name has a different meaning. Usually, stories about the founders of a particular settlement or community arise much later than its foundation in an attempt to explain its name.
V.B. Vinogradov and K.Z. Chokaev noted that “the term ‘Khamkhi’ cannot be clearly etymologized, especially in its first part. The second part of the word is more transparent in etymological terms—hi—‘water, river’.”
A.S. Suleimanov, a researcher of the toponymy of Chechnya and Ingushetia, cites the folk etymology of Khamkh: “to appreciate, to honor, to respect, etc.” This etymology is derived from the Ingush word “kham.” It is possible that the name of the settlement of Khamkhi is associated with the concept of a “sacred tree”: from the Ingush word “kham” — “valuable, revered, sacred” and ‘hi’ — “trunk, tree.” Indeed, the cult of the “sacred tree” has been present in the myths of most peoples of the world since ancient times.
The word “hi” (‘tree’) has a counterpart in the Georgian language - “he”. In his linguistic works, the scientist N.Ya. Marr, known for his research in linguistics, oriental studies, Caucasian studies, history, ethnography, and archaeology, hypothesized that the Georgian word “khati” and the Armenian “khach,” which have a common root, come from the Georgian names for trees ‘he’ and “dzel.” Furthermore, based on historical evidence of the ancient veneration of trees in ancient Georgia and ancient Armenia, Nikolai Yakovlevich puts forward the proposition that the terms “he” and “dzel”, as well as the corresponding Megrelian form of the name of the tree dja (za), originally meant a cult tree, specifically an oak or a linden tree.
The mountain Georgians called the tree of abundance “hemhvani,” which sounds similar to the Ingush word “khamkhi.” At the Thaba-Yarda temple, located near Khamkhi, there was a fragment of a baked clay slab depicting a tree with two chamois on either side. This fragment of a tile (a type of brick) was found in the Tkhaba-Erda temple in 1901. In the 1920s, this fragment was kept in the Ingush Regional Museum in Vladikavkaz. Its further fate is unknown.
The image of the “sacred tree” was also widespread in the ancient civilizations of the Near East and the Caucasus.
Ethnographer and Georgian scholar V.V. Bardavelidze reports on a Svan drawing depicting a pine tree, “to whose branches two goat figures standing on either side are reaching,” which, in her opinion, represents “very close parallels to the motif of the ‘world tree’ or ‘tree of life’ widely spread in ancient Eastern art.”
Images of goats on both sides of the “sacred tree” — the “tree of life and abundance” — have been known since the time of Sumer. A seal belonging to an official from the temple of Uruk (Sumer, 4th–3rd millennium BC) depicts a flowering bush symbolizing the “sacred tree” with the goddess Inanna and two goats on either side of the “tree.”
Thus, it is quite possible that the name of the tower settlement of Khamkhi refers to the cult of the “sacred tree.”
Khamkhi is one of the largest castle-type tower settlements in Mountainous Ingushetia, located in the center of the Targim Basin on the left bank of the Assa River. Currently, Khamkhi is administratively part of the Dzejrakhsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia.
